Definition of Inequalities under SDG 10 by the United Nations

Sustainable Development Goal 10 (SDG 10) aims to reduce inequalities within and among countries, addressing disparities in income, opportunities, and outcomes based on factors like age, gender, and ethnicity. The UN defines inequalities as any distinctions or preferential treatment that hinder the recognition of human rights and equal participation in economic, social, and political life. Countries most affected by these inequalities, such as South Africa and Namibia, face severe income disparities and entrenched structural discrimination, particularly impacting marginalized communities. People in these regions often rely on community networks, mutual aid, and informal support systems to cope with insufficient social protection. They face additional challenges, including extreme poverty, food insecurity, inadequate health and education systems, political instability, and environmental vulnerabilities. The plight of women, ethnic minorities, and other marginalized groups is particularly pronounced, as they encounter heightened barriers to accessing resources and services. To combat these issues, various United Nations agencies, including the UNDP, work to promote inclusive governance and empower communities, focusing on both direct inequalities and their underlying causes. Through coordinated efforts, these initiatives aim to foster social equity and improve the well-being of those most affected by inequality.